Toxocara vitulorum infection is characterized by frequent diarrhea, prominent ribs and unthriftness, recumbency and ultimately death. In Parmphistomum cervi the clinical signs include profuse fluid foetid diarrhoea, weakness and death may occur. Animals are thirsty and drinking frequently and intermandibular edema (bottle jaw). Moneizia benedini is highly pathogenic in young animals causes malnutrition leading to reduced weight gain. Trichuris species causes diphtheretic inflammation in calves. Strongyloides papillosus causes erosion of intestinal mucosa. Strongyle species infection leads to protein losing enteropathy and diarrhea. Cryptosporidium parvum causes decreased absorptive ability of the intestinal tract, fermentation of nutrients within the lumen, and osmotic diarrhea in calves. Buxtonella sulcata also can be a cause of diarrhoea in calves. Coccidiosis is usually associated with severe diarrhea, which causes loss of electrolytes and dehydration. Giardia infection results in distortion of the microvilli and disruption of the brush border. Entamoeba species are not pathogens in ruminants but it causes diahorrea rarely.
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